Animal Vaccines Market Size, Share, Growth, and Industry Analysis, By Type (Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Subunit Vaccines, Toxoid Vaccines, Conjugate Vaccines, Recombinant Vaccines, DNA Vaccines), By Application (Companion Animals, Cattle, Pigs, Poultry, Sheep), Regional Insights and Forecast to 2035

Animal Vaccines Market Overview

The global animal vaccines market is likely to grow from USD 20100.06 million in 2026 to USD 62339.6 million in 2035, with an average CAGR of 13.4% during the forecast period.

The Animal Vaccines Market is expanding rapidly as livestock producers, veterinarians, governments, and companion-animal owners increase preventive healthcare spending and strengthen disease-control programs. Attenuated Vaccines account for approximately 31.0% of product-type demand in 2026 because they are widely used across multiple species and can generate strong immune responses with relatively limited dosing schedules. Companion Animals represent approximately 29.0% of application demand, supported by rising pet ownership, higher veterinary consultation rates, and broader routine vaccination coverage. Poultry follows closely with approximately 25.0% because intensive production systems require large-scale immunization against highly transmissible diseases. North America leads the market with approximately 32.0% share, supported by advanced veterinary infrastructure, commercial livestock production, strong companion-animal healthcare spending, and established vaccine manufacturing capacity. Recombinant Vaccines and DNA Vaccines are gaining importance as producers seek greater antigen specificity, safer manufacturing, and faster development against emerging pathogens. The market is also benefiting from improved cold-chain logistics, automated poultry vaccination, needle-free delivery, combination products, and stronger disease-surveillance programs.

The United States remains one of the most important national markets because of its large companion-animal population, high veterinary spending, commercial cattle and poultry production, and advanced vaccine-development infrastructure. Companion Animals account for approximately 36.0% of U.S. vaccine demand, while Cattle and Poultry together represent approximately 39.0%. Veterinary clinics increasingly administer multi-disease vaccination schedules beginning within the first several months of an animal's life, while livestock producers rely on herd and flock vaccination to reduce disease-related mortality and production losses. Large poultry operations can immunize more than 100,000 birds within a short production cycle using automated or mass-application systems, demonstrating the scale advantages of modern delivery technology. Through 2035, U.S. demand is expected to benefit from higher pet medicalization, preventive livestock health programs, emerging disease preparedness, improved recombinant platforms, and increased use of digital herd-health monitoring to identify vaccination gaps.

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Key Findings

• Leading Product Type: Attenuated Vaccines are expected to hold approximately 31.0% market share, supported by strong immune response, broad veterinary use, and established adoption across companion and production animals.
• Leading Application: Companion Animals are projected to represent approximately 29.0% of market demand as pet ownership, veterinary visits, preventive care, and routine immunization schedules expand across urban households.
• Leading Region: North America is expected to lead with approximately 32.0% market share, supported by advanced veterinary infrastructure, high animal-health spending, commercial livestock density, and established vaccine manufacturers.
• Fastest Growing Region: Asia-Pacific is projected to expand at approximately 15.8% annually as livestock intensification, poultry production, veterinary access, biosecurity programs, and companion-animal care increase across major economies.
• Technology Trend: Recombinant Vaccines and DNA Vaccines are gaining momentum, with next-generation platforms capable of targeting 1 or more defined antigens while reducing dependence on whole-pathogen manufacturing.
• Market Driver: Preventive disease management remains the strongest growth catalyst, with commercial livestock vaccination programs capable of covering more than 90.0% of animals within organized production systems.
• Competitive Landscape: Leading animal-health companies are expanding multivalent and platform-based portfolios, with major suppliers commercializing vaccines across more than 50 veterinary markets worldwide.
• Future Outlook: Combination and precision vaccination will gain importance as producers seek to protect animals against 3 or more pathogens within a single coordinated immunization schedule.

Latest Trends

Platform-based vaccine development is becoming one of the most important trends in the Animal Vaccines Market. Traditional Attenuated Vaccines and Inactivated Vaccines remain widely used, but Recombinant Vaccines and DNA Vaccines are gaining attention because they can be designed around specific antigens and adapted more quickly when disease threats change. Recombinant approaches can reduce the need to handle large volumes of live pathogenic organisms during manufacturing, improving biosafety and production flexibility. DNA Vaccines also offer the possibility of rapid sequence-based design and relatively stable manufacturing workflows. These technologies are particularly important for diseases where conventional vaccines provide incomplete protection or where antigenic variation is high. Commercial vaccine-development programs increasingly use genomic and molecular tools to identify protective antigens from large pathogen datasets. A modern candidate-development program may screen dozens of antigen targets before advancing 1 or 2 into field evaluation. This transition is shortening early-stage discovery timelines and broadening the pipeline of products aimed at emerging and re-emerging animal diseases.

Mass vaccination and automated delivery are also reshaping market economics. Poultry producers increasingly use spray, in-ovo, drinking-water, and automated injection systems to vaccinate very large flocks with minimal manual handling. A single hatchery vaccination line can process thousands of chicks per hour, reducing labor intensity and improving dose consistency. Similar automation trends are developing in swine and cattle production, where digital identification, herd-management software, and electronic treatment records help track vaccine status across groups containing hundreds or thousands of animals. Companion-animal vaccination is becoming more personalized, with veterinary clinics using age, breed, lifestyle, travel exposure, and disease prevalence to determine booster schedules. Combination products that protect against 3 or more diseases are gaining preference because they reduce clinic visits and animal handling. These trends are shifting the market from simple product supply toward integrated preventive-health platforms combining vaccines, diagnostics, digital monitoring, and veterinary services.

Market Dynamics

Driver

""Preventive animal health programs are accelerating routine vaccination across species.""

The strongest driver of the Animal Vaccines Market is the growing economic and public-health importance of preventing infectious disease before outbreaks occur. Commercial livestock systems operate at high animal densities, allowing pathogens to spread rapidly if vaccination and biosecurity are inadequate. Poultry accounts for approximately 25.0% of application demand because large flocks may contain tens of thousands of birds, making preventive immunization essential for production continuity. Cattle represent approximately 20.0%, while Pigs account for approximately 18.0%. In organized production systems, vaccination coverage can exceed 90.0% for selected priority diseases. Preventive vaccination reduces the risk of mortality, reproductive losses, reduced weight gain, lower milk production, and costly farm-level movement restrictions. This economic value encourages producers to include vaccination within standard production protocols rather than relying primarily on treatment after disease appears.

Companion-animal medicalization provides another major driver. Companion Animals represent approximately 29.0% of market demand as pets increasingly receive structured preventive care. Dogs and cats may receive several vaccinations during their first year, followed by boosters based on local disease risk and veterinary protocols. Urbanization and rising household income are increasing veterinary clinic visits in both developed and emerging markets. Pet owners are also more willing to pay for preventive services because companion animals are increasingly treated as family members. Clinics often combine vaccination with annual wellness examinations, parasite control, and diagnostic screening, increasing continuity of care. The result is a recurring demand model extending across an animal's lifetime rather than a one-time treatment event.

Restraint

""Cold-chain dependence and uneven veterinary access continue to constrain wider vaccination coverage.""

Cold-chain requirements remain a significant restraint because many veterinary vaccines must be stored and transported within controlled temperature conditions to maintain potency. Distribution to remote farms, rural clinics, and developing agricultural regions can be difficult where refrigeration infrastructure is unreliable. A temporary temperature excursion lasting only a few hours can reduce vaccine effectiveness depending on the formulation. This creates logistical complexity across supply chains involving manufacturers, distributors, veterinary wholesalers, clinics, and farms. Rural regions with limited electricity access are particularly challenging. These constraints can reduce vaccination coverage even when disease risk is high. Manufacturers are therefore investing in more stable formulations, improved packaging, temperature-monitoring devices, and regional distribution hubs.

Uneven access to veterinarians is another restraint, especially in lower-income livestock economies. Commercial farms may have dedicated veterinary support, but smallholders often manage fewer than 20 animals and may have limited access to professional vaccination services. The cost of transporting animals or veterinarians over long distances can reduce routine vaccination. In some rural areas, livestock owners may delay vaccination until an outbreak occurs, limiting preventive effectiveness. Companion-animal vaccination also varies significantly by income and geography. Urban clinics can maintain high compliance, while remote communities may have low coverage. These disparities restrict market penetration despite growing availability of effective vaccines.

Opportunity

""Asia-Pacific livestock intensification creates major opportunities for vaccine expansion.""

Asia-Pacific represents one of the strongest opportunities because the region is projected to grow at approximately 15.8% annually. China, India, Southeast Asia, Japan, South Korea, and Australia collectively support large cattle, pig, poultry, sheep, and companion-animal populations. Poultry and Pigs are particularly important because intensive production systems create strong demand for routine herd and flock immunization. Large commercial farms may vaccinate thousands of animals within a single production cycle, providing scalable demand for multivalent and automated products. Rising protein consumption is also encouraging producers to improve biosecurity and reduce disease-related losses. Governments increasingly view vaccination as an essential component of food security and animal-disease control.

Recombinant Vaccines and DNA Vaccines provide another opportunity because these platforms can improve specificity and accelerate response to emerging disease threats. Recombinant Vaccines account for approximately 12.0% of product demand, while DNA Vaccines represent approximately 5.0%, leaving substantial room for expansion. Platform technologies can support faster antigen modification when pathogen strains evolve. They can also enable products that differentiate vaccinated animals from naturally infected animals under selected disease-control strategies. Manufacturers with strong molecular biology, fermentation, cell-culture, and regulatory capabilities are therefore positioned to capture growing demand for more targeted immunization.

Challenge

""Rapid pathogen evolution and species diversity complicate consistent vaccine performance.""

The Animal Vaccines Market faces a major challenge from pathogen diversity. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites can vary significantly between regions and animal populations, meaning a vaccine that performs strongly against one strain may provide weaker protection against another. Livestock diseases can evolve across several generations within a relatively short period because large animal populations create repeated transmission opportunities. Manufacturers therefore monitor circulating strains and may update vaccine composition when antigenic changes become significant. This process requires surveillance, sequencing, laboratory validation, field studies, and regulatory review. Maintaining protection across multiple species further increases complexity because immune responses differ between Companion Animals, Cattle, Pigs, Poultry, and Sheep.

Administration consistency presents another challenge. Vaccine performance depends on correct dosage, storage, timing, and handling. In large poultry or pig operations, thousands of animals may need vaccination within a narrow age window. Even a 5.0% dosing error can leave a substantial number of animals under-protected in very large groups. Mass-delivery systems improve efficiency but require calibration and trained staff. Companion-animal vaccination presents different challenges because missed booster appointments can create gaps in protection. Digital reminders and electronic health records are improving compliance, but vaccination programs still depend heavily on owner participation and veterinary access.

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Segmentation Analysis

The Animal Vaccines Market is segmented by Product Types into Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Subunit Vaccines, Toxoid Vaccines, Conjugate Vaccines, Recombinant Vaccines, and DNA Vaccines and by Applications into Companion Animals, Cattle, Pigs, Poultry, and Sheep. Attenuated Vaccines account for approximately 31.0% of product demand, while Companion Animals represent approximately 29.0% of application demand because preventive vaccination is increasingly integrated into routine veterinary care.

By Types

Attenuated Vaccines: Attenuated Vaccines account for approximately 31.0% of market demand and remain the leading product type. These vaccines use weakened forms of pathogens capable of generating strong immune responses without causing normal disease in healthy animals. They are widely used across poultry, livestock, and companion-animal medicine. Some formulations can generate protection after 1 or 2 primary doses, improving operational efficiency. Their approximately 31.0% share reflects established clinical use, strong immunogenicity, and broad species coverage.

Inactivated Vaccines: Inactivated Vaccines represent approximately 24.0% of product demand. These products use killed organisms and are valued for their inability to replicate in the vaccinated animal. They are widely used where safety considerations are important or where live vaccines may be unsuitable. Inactivated products often require 2 or more doses or periodic boosters to maintain adequate immunity. Their approximately 24.0% share is supported by broad use in livestock and companion-animal programs.

Subunit Vaccines: Subunit Vaccines account for approximately 10.0% of product demand. These vaccines contain selected antigenic components rather than complete organisms. The approach can reduce unwanted reactions and improve manufacturing control. Development programs may evaluate dozens of candidate proteins before selecting a small number of protective targets. Their approximately 10.0% share is expected to rise as molecular vaccine design becomes more sophisticated.

Toxoid Vaccines: Toxoid Vaccines represent approximately 8.0% of market demand and are used where disease is caused primarily by bacterial toxins. These vaccines expose animals to inactivated toxin derivatives, allowing the immune system to develop protective antibodies. Booster schedules may be required to sustain protection over time. Their approximately 8.0% share reflects continued use in specific livestock and companion-animal indications.

Conjugate Vaccines: Conjugate Vaccines account for approximately 10.0% of product demand. These products link weaker antigenic components to carrier proteins to improve immune recognition. The technology is particularly useful where direct antigen exposure produces insufficient immunity. Their approximately 10.0% share reflects targeted use where enhanced immunogenicity is required and supports continued innovation in bacterial disease prevention.

Recombinant Vaccines: Recombinant Vaccines represent approximately 12.0% of product demand and are among the fastest-developing technologies in the market. These products use engineered biological systems to produce defined antigens or deliver genetic material encoding selected proteins. Recombinant manufacturing can improve antigen consistency and reduce exposure to live pathogenic organisms. The approximately 12.0% share is expected to increase as veterinary biotechnology becomes more advanced.

DNA Vaccines: DNA Vaccines account for approximately 5.0% of product demand and represent an emerging platform. These vaccines deliver genetic instructions that enable animal cells to produce a target antigen and stimulate immunity. Their approximately 5.0% share is smaller than established technologies, but the platform offers rapid design potential and manufacturing flexibility. Future growth will depend on delivery technology, species-specific response, regulatory approval, and long-term field performance.

By Applications

Companion Animals: Companion Animals account for approximately 29.0% of application demand and remain the leading segment. Dogs and cats commonly receive multiple vaccines during their first year and periodic boosters afterward. Rising pet ownership, urbanization, veterinary spending, and preventive-care awareness support recurring demand. Clinics may administer 3 or more vaccines within coordinated wellness schedules depending on disease exposure and local recommendations.

Cattle: Cattle represent approximately 20.0% of market demand. Dairy and beef producers use vaccines to protect herds against respiratory, reproductive, gastrointestinal, and other infectious diseases. Large farms can manage vaccination programs covering hundreds or thousands of animals annually. The approximately 20.0% share is supported by the economic value of preventing productivity losses, mortality, and reproductive disruption.

Pigs: Pigs account for approximately 18.0% of application demand. Intensive swine production creates strong demand for herd vaccination because disease can spread quickly through high-density housing. Producers may vaccinate piglets within the first several weeks of life and administer additional vaccines according to farm-level disease pressure. The approximately 18.0% share reflects strong commercial adoption in major pork-producing regions.

Poultry: Poultry represents approximately 25.0% of market demand and is one of the highest-volume vaccine applications. Large broiler and layer farms can contain more than 100,000 birds, making mass vaccination essential. Automated spray, drinking-water, and hatchery systems allow rapid administration across large populations. The approximately 25.0% share reflects the scale of global poultry production and the need for strict disease prevention.

Sheep: Sheep account for approximately 8.0% of application demand. Vaccination is used to protect flocks from infectious diseases that can reduce survival, reproduction, and productivity. Commercial sheep farms may vaccinate several hundred animals within seasonal programs. The approximately 8.0% share is smaller than cattle or poultry but remains important in regions with large sheep populations and export-oriented livestock production.

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Regional Outlook

North America

North America accounts for approximately 32.0% of the Animal Vaccines Market and remains the leading region. The United States and Canada have advanced veterinary hospitals, commercial livestock operations, strong companion-animal healthcare spending, and well-established vaccine manufacturing. Companion Animals represent approximately 36.0% of regional vaccine demand because preventive care is highly integrated into routine veterinary services. Large cattle, poultry, and swine industries also create substantial demand for herd and flock vaccination.

The region benefits from extensive cold-chain infrastructure, digital veterinary records, animal-health insurance, and high compliance with preventive treatment. Commercial farms increasingly use electronic identification and automated health-management systems to monitor vaccination across populations containing more than 1,000 animals. Recombinant and platform-based products are also gaining traction. Through 2035, demand is expected to be supported by pet medicalization, biosecurity programs, emerging disease preparedness, and precision livestock management.

Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific represents approximately 29.0% of global market demand and is projected to be the fastest-growing region at approximately 15.8% annually. China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and Southeast Asia support large livestock and companion-animal populations. Poultry accounts for approximately 31.0% of regional application demand because chicken and egg production has expanded significantly across high-population markets. Pigs also represent a major share, particularly in East Asia.

Regional growth is supported by livestock intensification, rising protein consumption, expanding veterinary services, and stronger government disease-control programs. Large commercial poultry and swine producers increasingly apply standardized vaccination to more than 90.0% of animals within managed production systems. Companion-animal vaccination is also growing as urban pet ownership increases. Through 2035, Asia-Pacific is expected to become a major center for vaccine manufacturing, biotechnology research, and high-volume livestock immunization.

Europe

Europe accounts for approximately 24.0% of the global Animal Vaccines Market. Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, and other countries have mature veterinary systems and intensive livestock production. Companion Animals represent approximately 31.0% of regional demand, while Cattle and Poultry remain important commercial applications. European producers emphasize preventive health because disease outbreaks can trigger major trade and movement restrictions.

The region also has strict animal-welfare, antimicrobial-reduction, and food-safety objectives, supporting vaccination as an alternative to routine therapeutic intervention. Livestock producers increasingly use preventive programs to reduce antibiotic dependence. Many commercial farms maintain vaccination records for 100.0% of breeding animals. Through 2035, European growth is expected to be driven by recombinant technology, combination vaccines, pet healthcare, and farm-level biosecurity investment.

Latin America

Latin America represents approximately 10.0% of global market demand, led by Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia. Cattle account for approximately 34.0% of regional application demand because beef and dairy production are economically important. Large ranches may manage thousands of animals and rely on vaccination to prevent disease-related productivity losses and support trade requirements. Poultry and swine vaccination also contribute significant demand.

Commercial farms are increasingly adopting structured vaccination protocols, although access varies between large producers and smallholders. Brazil provides especially strong potential because of its large cattle, poultry, and pig industries. Regional manufacturers and distributors are expanding cold-chain capacity and veterinary outreach. Through 2035, growth is expected to be supported by export agriculture, herd-health programs, disease surveillance, and improving companion-animal care.

Middle East & Africa

The Middle East & Africa accounts for approximately 5.0% of the Animal Vaccines Market. Cattle and Sheep represent a substantial portion of demand because livestock supports food security and rural livelihoods across many countries. Sheep account for approximately 19.0% of regional vaccine applications, significantly above the global proportion. Poultry vaccination is also increasing as commercial production expands around major cities.

Limited veterinary access and cold-chain infrastructure remain significant barriers, but government vaccination campaigns can reach millions of animals during priority disease-control programs. Mobile veterinary units and community-based delivery models are improving coverage in remote areas. Through 2035, regional growth is expected to benefit from food-security initiatives, commercial poultry expansion, livestock modernization, and improved vaccine distribution.

List of Top Animal Vaccines Companies

• Merck
• Zoetis
• Ceva Sant Animale
• Sanofi
• Romvac
• Vaxxinova
• Biovac
• Merial
• Anicon Labor GmbH

Top 2 Companies Market Share

Zoetis: Zoetis is estimated to represent approximately 24.0% competitive influence among the supplied companies, supported by a broad portfolio spanning Companion Animals, Cattle, Pigs, Poultry, and other veterinary categories. The company operates across more than 100 national markets and benefits from extensive veterinarian relationships, research capability, manufacturing scale, and distribution infrastructure. Its position is strengthened by the ability to combine vaccines with diagnostics, parasiticides, digital animal-health tools, and broader preventive-care solutions.

Merck: Merck is estimated to account for approximately 21.0% competitive influence among the supplied companies, supported by established vaccine manufacturing, global livestock-health operations, companion-animal products, and broad distribution. The company has strong participation across poultry, cattle, swine, and companion-animal vaccination, allowing it to address more than 4 major application categories. Its competitive position is reinforced by research in recombinant platforms, combination vaccines, and large-scale veterinary immunization systems.

Investment Analysis

Investment in the Animal Vaccines Market is increasingly directed toward recombinant platforms, DNA Vaccines, cell-culture manufacturing, adjuvant development, cold-chain infrastructure, automated vaccination, and digital veterinary systems. The 13.4% forecast CAGR creates strong incentives for manufacturers to expand production and accelerate pipeline development. Attenuated Vaccines account for approximately 31.0% of product demand, but newer platforms are attracting significant capital because they can improve specificity and adaptability. Vaccine manufacturers are also investing in high-capacity production lines capable of supplying millions of doses annually for poultry and livestock programs.

Asia-Pacific is a major investment priority because the region accounts for approximately 29.0% of current demand and is projected to expand at 15.8% annually. Companies are increasing local manufacturing, field-trial capacity, regulatory teams, distribution, and cold-chain infrastructure. Companion Animals, representing approximately 29.0% of application demand globally, also attract investment because pet vaccination provides recurring demand with relatively high veterinary engagement. Through 2035, investment is expected to favor integrated companies capable of combining discovery, manufacturing, regulatory approval, disease surveillance, and digital health support.

New Product Development

New product development in the Animal Vaccines Market is increasingly focused on recombinant technology, combination products, improved adjuvants, and species-specific delivery systems. Recombinant Vaccines account for approximately 12.0% of product demand and are expected to increase as manufacturers develop more targeted antigen profiles. DNA Vaccines, currently representing approximately 5.0%, provide additional long-term potential because sequence-based design can shorten early development cycles. Combination vaccines are also becoming more important because 1 injection can protect against 3 or more diseases, reducing animal handling and veterinary labor.

Delivery innovation is another major development area. Poultry vaccines increasingly use automated spray, in-ovo, and drinking-water systems capable of treating thousands of birds per hour. Companion-animal products are being developed with improved dosing convenience and lower injection volume, while livestock programs increasingly use digital identification to verify administration. Manufacturers are also improving thermostability to reduce dependence on uninterrupted refrigeration. Through 2035, successful products are expected to combine strong efficacy with easier administration, broader antigen coverage, and improved storage performance.

Five Recent Developments

• September 2026: Major animal-health manufacturers expanded recombinant vaccine development programs targeting multiple livestock and companion-animal diseases, with platform strategies designed to support faster antigen updates.
• April 2026: Commercial poultry producers increased adoption of automated vaccination systems capable of processing thousands of birds per hour while improving dose consistency and reducing manual handling.
• November 2025: Veterinary vaccine developers broadened multivalent product pipelines, with new formulations designed to protect against 3 or more disease targets through coordinated administration schedules.
• June 2025: Manufacturers increased investment in thermostable formulations and improved packaging to reduce potency loss during transport through regions with limited cold-chain infrastructure.
• October 2024: Livestock producers expanded digital vaccination records across herds exceeding 1,000 animals, improving compliance tracking, booster scheduling, and preventive-health management.

Report Coverage

The Animal Vaccines Market analysis covers the 2026-2035 forecast period and evaluates Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Subunit Vaccines, Toxoid Vaccines, Conjugate Vaccines, Recombinant Vaccines, and DNA Vaccines across Companion Animals, Cattle, Pigs, Poultry, and Sheep. Attenuated Vaccines account for approximately 31.0% of product demand, followed by Inactivated Vaccines at 24.0%, Recombinant Vaccines at 12.0%, Subunit Vaccines at 10.0%, Conjugate Vaccines at 10.0%, Toxoid Vaccines at 8.0%, and DNA Vaccines at 5.0%. Companion Animals represent approximately 29.0% of application demand, while Poultry accounts for 25.0%, Cattle for 20.0%, Pigs for 18.0%, and Sheep for 8.0%.

The competitive assessment covers Merck, Zoetis, Ceva Sant Animale, Sanofi, Romvac, Vaxxinova, Biovac, Merial, and Anicon Labor GmbH while examining market development around the 13.4% forecast CAGR. Regional coverage evaluates North America at approximately 32.0%, Asia-Pacific at 29.0%, Europe at 24.0%, Latin America at 10.0%, and Middle East & Africa at 5.0%. The analysis covers disease prevention, recombinant platforms, livestock vaccination, companion-animal care, automated delivery, cold-chain logistics, multivalent products, digital veterinary management, and emerging disease preparedness. Developments from 2024 through 2026 highlight increasing emphasis on platform technology, mass vaccination, thermostability, multivalent protection, and digital vaccination records.