Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Industry Overview of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 1.1 Definition of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 1.2 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Segment by Type 1.2.1 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025) 1.2.2 Urea Process 1.2.3 Bayer Ketazine process 1.2.4 Raschig Process 1.2.5 H2O2 Process 1.3 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Segment by Applications 1.3.1 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025) 1.3.2 Blowing Agents 1.3.3 Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemicals 1.3.4 Water Treatment 1.3.5 Other 1.4 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Overall Market 1.4.1 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue (2014-2025) 1.4.2 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (2014-2025) 1.4.3 North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.4 Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.5 China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.6 Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.7 Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.8 India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers 2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 2.4 Industry Chain Structure of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date 3.2 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Manufacturing Plants Distribution 3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate 3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans 4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers 4.1 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production and Capacity Analysis 4.2 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Analysis 4.3 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Price Analysis 4.4 Market Concentration Degree 5 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Regional Market Analysis 5.1 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production by Regions 5.1.1 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production by Regions 5.1.2 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue by Regions 5.2 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Consumption by Regions 5.3 North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Analysis 5.3.1 North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production 5.3.2 North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue 5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America 5.3.4 North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Import and Export 5.4 Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Analysis 5.4.1 Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production 5.4.2 Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue 5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe 5.4.4 Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Import and Export 5.5 China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Analysis 5.5.1 China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production 5.5.2 China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue 5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China 5.5.4 China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Import and Export 5.6 Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Analysis 5.6.1 Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production 5.6.2 Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue 5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan 5.6.4 Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Import and Export 5.7 Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Analysis 5.7.1 Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production 5.7.2 Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue 5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia 5.7.4 Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Import and Export 5.8 India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Analysis 5.8.1 India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production 5.8.2 India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue 5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India 5.8.4 India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Import and Export 6 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Segment Market Analysis (by Type) 6.1 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production by Type 6.2 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue by Type 6.3 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Price by Type 7 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Segment Market Analysis (by Application) 7.1 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Consumption by Application 7.2 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) 8 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Major Manufacturers Analysis 8.1 Tianyuan Group 8.1.1 Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.1.2 Tianyuan Group Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.1.3 Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.2 Otsuka-MGC Chemical 8.2.1 Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.2.2 Otsuka-MGC Chemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.2.3 Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.3 Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 8.3.1 Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.3.2 Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.3.3 Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.4 Risheng Shiye 8.4.1 Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.4.2 Risheng Shiye Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.4.3 Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.5 Lanxess 8.5.1 Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.5.2 Lanxess Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.5.3 Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.6 Arkema 8.6.1 Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.6.2 Arkema Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.6.3 Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.7 Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 8.7.1 Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.7.2 Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.7.3 Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.8 Yaxing Chemical 8.8.1 Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.8.2 Yaxing Chemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.8.3 Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.9 HPL Additives 8.9.1 HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served 8.9.2 HPL Additives Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.9.3 HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served 9 Development Trend of Analysis of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market 9.1 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Trend Analysis 9.1.1 Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025 9.2 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Regional Market Trend 9.2.1 North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.2 Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.3 China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.4 Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.5 Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.6 India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Forecast 2019-2025 9.3 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Trend (Product Type) 9.4 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Trend (Application) 10.1 Marketing Channel 10.1.1 Direct Marketing 10.1.2 Indirect Marketing 10.3 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Customers 11 Market Dynamics 11.1 Market Trends 11.2 Opportunities 11.3 Market Drivers 11.4 Challenges 11.5 Influence Factors 12 Conclusion 13 Appendix 13.1 Methodology/Research Approach 13.1.1 Research Programs/Design 13.1.2 Market Size Estimation 13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 13.2 Data Source 13.2.1 Secondary Sources 13.2.2 Primary Sources 13.3 Author List 13.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures Figure Picture of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025) Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share by Types in 2018 Figure Urea Process Product Picture Figure Bayer Ketazine process Product Picture Figure Raschig Process Product Picture Figure H2O2 Process Product Picture Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025) Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018 Figure Blowing Agents Figure Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemicals Figure Water Treatment Figure Other Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units) (2014-2025) Figure North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Raw Material and Suppliers Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate in 2018 Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Figure Industry Chain Structure of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Manufacturing Plants Distribution Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Figure 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018 Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Figure 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018 Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units) Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share by Regions in 2018 Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018 Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units) Table Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units) Figure North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units) Figure Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units) Figure Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units) Figure China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units) Figure China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units) Figure Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units) Figure Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units) Figure Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units) Figure Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units) Figure India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units) Figure India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units) Figure Global Consumption 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Figure Global Value (Consumption) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Table Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Tianyuan Group 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Table Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Otsuka-MGC Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Table Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Table Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Risheng Shiye 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Table Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Lanxess 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Table Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Arkema 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Table Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Table Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Yaxing Chemical 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Table HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Sites and Area Served Table HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table HPL Additives 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Main Business and Markets Served Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Global 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025 Figure North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) Figure North America 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) Figure Europe 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) Figure China 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) Figure Japan 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) Figure Southeast Asia 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) Figure India 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Table Global Production (K Units) of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate by Type (2019-2025) Table Global Consumption (K Units) of 100% Hydrazine Hydrate by Application (2019-2025) Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Distributors List Table 100% Hydrazine Hydrate Customers List Table Market Key Trends Table Key Opportunities Table Market Key Drivers Table Key Challenges Table Key Influence Factors Table Research Programs/Design for This Report Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure Data Triangulation Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources

Tianyuan Group Otsuka-MGC Chemical Chongqing Chemical & Pharmaceutical Risheng Shiye Lanxess Arkema Arch Chemicals Material (Lonza) Yaxing Chemical HPL Additives