1 Executive Summary 13 2 Introduction 15 2.1 Definition 15 2.2 Scope of the Study 15 2.3 Assumptions 15 2.4 Market Structure 16 3 Research Methodology 17 3.1 Research Process 17 3.2 Primary Research 18 3.3 Secondary Research 18 3.4 Market Size Estimation 18 3.5 Forecast Model 20 4 Patent Trends 21 4.1 Introduction 21 4.2 Key Takeaways 23 4.3 Key Buying Criteria 23 5 Market Factor Analysis 24 5.1 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 24 5.1.1 Threat of New Entrants 24 5.1.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 24 5.1.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers 25 5.1.4 Threat of Substitutes 25 5.1.5 Rivalry 25 5.2 Value Chain Analysis 25 6 Market Dynamics 27 6.1 Introduction 27 6.2 Market Drivers 27 6.2.1 Booming Automotive Industry 27 6.2.2 Accelerating Urbanization 28 6.2.3 Expansion of Global Auto-Manufacturers Into New Emerging Markets 28 6.3 Market Restraints 29 6.3.1 Availability of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System as a Close Substitute 29 6.3.2 Strict Government Regulation for Certification of Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems 29 6.3.3 Increasing Pricing Pressure 29 6.4 Opportunities 30 6.4.1 Emerging Economies 30 6.4.2 Combination of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems 30 7 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems Market, By Product Type 31 7.1 Introduction 31 7.1.1 EGR Valve 31 7.1.2 EGR Cooler 31 7.1.3 EGR Pipe 31 8 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems Market, By Vehicle Type 34 8.1 Introduction 34 8.1.1 Passenger Car 34 8.1.2 Light Commercial Vehicle 34 8.1.3 Heavy Commercial Vehicle 35 9 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems Market, By Application 37 9.1 Introduction 37 9.1.1 Diesel-Powered Vehicle 37 9.1.2 Gasoline-Powered Vehicle 37 10 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems Market, By Region 40 10.1 Introduction 40 10.2 North America 42 10.2.1 US 46 10.2.2 Canada 48 10.3 Europe 50 10.3.1 Germany 54 10.3.2 U.K 56 10.3.3 France 57 10.3.4 Rest of Europe 59 10.4 Asia-Pacific 61 10.4.1 China 65 10.4.2 Japan 67 10.4.3 India 69 10.4.4 Rest of Asia-Pacific 71 10.5 Rest of the World 73 10.5.1 Middle East & Africa 76 10.5.2 South America 78 11 Competitive Landscape 80 11.1 Introduction 80 11.2 Global Automotive Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems Market, Supplier List 81 11.3 Competitor Benchmarking 82 12 Company Profiles 83 12.1 Competitive Scenario 83 12.1.1 Competitive Landscape 83 12.1.2 Expansion 84 12.1.2.1 Product Development 84 12.1.2.2 Merger & Acquisition 84 12.2 BorgWarner Inc. 85 12.2.1 Company Overview 85 12.2.2 Financial Overview 85 12.2.3 Product/Service Offering 86 12.2.4 Strategy 86 12.2.5 Key Development(s) 87 12.2.6 Swot Analysis 87 12.3 MAHLE GmbH 88 12.3.1 Company Overview 88 12.3.2 Financial Overview 88 12.3.3 Product/Service Offering 89 12.3.4 Strategy 90 12.3.5 Key Development(s) 90 12.3.6 Swot Analysis 90 12.4 ElringKlinger AG 91 12.4.1 Company Overview 91 12.4.2 Financial Overview 91 12.4.3 Product/Service Offering 92 12.4.4 Strategy 92 12.4.5 Key Development(s) 93 12.4.6 Swot Analysis 94 12.5 Denso Corporation 95 12.5.1 Company Overview 95 12.5.2 Financial Overview 95 12.5.3 Product/Service Offering 96 12.5.4 Strategy 96 12.5.5 Key Developments(s) 97 12.5.6 Swot Analysis 97 12.6 Delphi Automotive PLC 98 12.6.1 Company Overview 98 12.6.2 Financial Overview 98 12.6.3 Product/Service Offering 99 12.6.4 Strategy 99 12.6.5 Swot Analysis 100 12.7 Eberspacher Group 101 12.7.1 Company Overview 101 12.7.2 Financial Overview 101 12.7.3 Product/Service Offering 102 12.7.4 Strategy 102 12.8 Cambustion Ltd. 103 12.8.1 Company Overview 103 12.8.2 Financial Overview 103 12.8.3 Product/Service Offering 103 12.8.4 Strategy 103 12.9 IAV automotive engineering 104 12.9.1 Company Overview 104 12.9.2 Financial Overview 104 12.9.3 Product/Service Offering 104 12.9.4 Strategy 104 12.10 Wells Vehicle Electronics 105 12.10.1 Company Overview 105 12.10.2 Financial Overview 105 12.10.3 Product/Service Offering 106 12.10.4 Strategy 106 12.11 Friedrich Boysen GmbH & Co. KG 107 12.11.1 Company Overview 107 12.11.2 Financial Overview 107 12.11.3 Product/Service Offering 108 12.11.4 Strategy 108 12.11.5 Key Development(s) 108

TABLE 1 GRANTED PATENTS ON AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION SYSTEMS (17TH OCTOBER 2012 – 17TH OCTOBER 2017) 21 TABLE 2 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 33 TABLE 3 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 36 TABLE 4 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 39 TABLE 5 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 41 TABLE 6 NORTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 43 TABLE 7 NORTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 44 TABLE 8 NORTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 44 TABLE 9 NORTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 45 TABLE 10 US AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 46 TABLE 11 US AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 46 TABLE 12 US AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 47 TABLE 13 CANADA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 48 TABLE 14 CANADA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 48 TABLE 15 CANADA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 49 TABLE 16 EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 51 TABLE 17 EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 52 TABLE 18 EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 52 TABLE 19 EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 53 TABLE 20 GERMANY AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 54 TABLE 21 GERMANY AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 54 TABLE 22 GERMANY AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 55 TABLE 23 UK AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 56 TABLE 24 UK AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 56 TABLE 25 UK AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 57 TABLE 26 FRANCE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 57 TABLE 27 FRANCE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 58 TABLE 28 FRANCE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 58 TABLE 29 REST OF EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 59 TABLE 30 REST OF EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 59 TABLE 31 REST OF EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 60 TABLE 32 ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 62 TABLE 33 ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 63 TABLE 34 ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 63 TABLE 35 ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 64 TABLE 36 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 65 TABLE 37 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 66 TABLE 38 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 66 TABLE 39 JAPAN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 67 TABLE 40 JAPAN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 68 TABLE 41 JAPAN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 68 TABLE 42 INDIA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 69 TABLE 43 INDIA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 70 TABLE 44 INDIA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 70 TABLE 45 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 71 TABLE 46 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 71 TABLE 47 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 72 TABLE 48 REST OF THE WORLD AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 74 TABLE 49 REST OF THE WORLD AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 74 TABLE 50 REST OF THE WORLD AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 75 TABLE 51 REST OF THE WORLD AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 75 TABLE 52 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 76 TABLE 53 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 77 TABLE 54 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 77 TABLE 55 SOUTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 78 TABLE 56 SOUTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 79 TABLE 57 SOUTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 79 TABLE 58 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET ANALYSIS: SUPPLIER LIST 81 TABLE 59 BENCHMARKING OF MAJOR COMPETITORS 82 FIGURE 1 RESEARCH PROCESS OF MRFR 17 FIGURE 2 TOP DOWN & BOTTOM UP APPROACH 19 FIGURE 3 KEY TAKEAWAYS OF THE MARKET 23 FIGURE 4 KEY BUYING CRITERIA OF THE MARKET 23 FIGURE 5 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 24 FIGURE 6 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 25 FIGURE 7 GLOBAL VEHICLE PRODUCTION, UNITS (2013-2016) 28 FIGURE 8 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2016 (%) 32 FIGURE 9 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 32 FIGURE 10 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2016 (%) 35 FIGURE 11 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 36 FIGURE 12 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE, BY APPLICATION, 2016 (%) 38 FIGURE 13 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 38 FIGURE 14 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE (%), 2016 40 FIGURE 15 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 41 FIGURE 16 NORTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE (%), 2016 42 FIGURE 17 NORTH AMERICA AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 43 FIGURE 18 EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE (%), 2016 50 FIGURE 19 EUROPE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 51 FIGURE 20 ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE (%), 2016 61 FIGURE 21 ASIA-PACIFIC AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 62 FIGURE 22 REST OF THE WORLD AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET SHARE (%), 2016 73 FIGURE 23 REST OF THE WORLD AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEMS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2015-2023 (USD MILLION) 73 FIGURE 24 GROWTH STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS IN GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHUAST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEM MARKET, 2015-2017 (%) 83 FIGURE 25 EXPANSION: % SHARE BY KEY PLAYERS, 2015-2017 (%) 84 FIGURE 26 BORGWARNER INC.: TOTAL REVENUE VS SEGMENTAL REVENUE (ENGINE), 2014-2016 85 FIGURE 27 BORGWARNER INC: GEOGRAPHIC REVENUE MIX (2016) 86 FIGURE 28 BORGWARNER INC.: SWOT ANALYSIS 87 FIGURE 29 MAHLE GMBH : TOTAL REVENUE (2014-2016) 88 FIGURE 30 SALES BY SEGMENT (2016) 89 FIGURE 31 GEOGRAPHIC REVENUE MIX(2016) 89 FIGURE 32 MAHLE GMBH : SWOT ANALYSIS 90 FIGURE 33 ELRINGKLINGER AG : TOATAL REVENUE VS SEGMENTAL REVENUE (ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT) 91 FIGURE 34 SLAES BY SEGMENT (2016) 92 FIGURE 35 ELRINGKLINGER AG : GEOGRTAPHY REVENUE MIX (2016) 92 FIGURE 36 ELRINGKLINGER AG:SWOT ANALYSIS 94 FIGURE 37 DENSO CORPORATION: TOTAL REVENUE VS SEGMENTAL REVENUE (POWERTRAIN CONTROL), 2014-2016 95 FIGURE 38 DENSO CORPORATION: GEOGRAPHIC REVENUE MIX (2016) 96 FIGURE 39 DENSO CORPORATION: SWOT ANALYSIS 97 FIGURE 40 DELPHI AUTOMOTIVE PLC:TOTAL REVENUE VS SEGMENTAL REVENUE (POWERSTRAIN SYSTEMS) 98 FIGURE 41 DELPHI AUTOMOTIVE PLC: GEOGRAPHIC REVENUE MIX (2016) 99 FIGURE 42 DELPHI AUTOMOTIVE PLC: SWOT ANALYSIS 100 FIGURE 43 EBERSPACHER GROUP: TOTAL REVENUE VS SEGMENTAL REVENUE (EXHAUST TECHNOLOGY DIVISION),2015-2016 101 FIGURE 44 EBERSPACHER GROUP: GEOGRAPHIC REVENUE MIX (2016) 102 FIGURE 45 WELLS VEHICLE ELECTRONICS: TOTAL REVENUE VS SEGMENTAL REVENUE (AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS), 2015-2016 105 FIGURE 46 WELLS VEHICLE ELECTRONICS: GEOGRAPHIC REVENUE MIX (2016) 106 FIGURE 47 FRIEDRICH BOYSEN GMBH & CO. KG: TOTAL REVENUE (2014-2016) 107

Mahle GMBH (Germany), Wells Vehicle Electronics (US), BorgWarner Inc (US), Cambustion Ltd (UK), Delphi ANSYS Inc (UK), Denso Corporation (Japan), Eberspacher Group (Germany), ElringKlinger AG (Germany), IAV automotive engineering (Germany), Wells Vehicle Electronics (US), and Friedrich Boysen GmbH (Germany) .